The papers in this volume are the results of an extensive programme of research based on investigations of samples of Nubian mural paintings from the Middle Nile Valley dating from the 6th to the 14th century AD. Many of these samples came from paintings which are now in the National Museum, Khartoum and the National Museum in Warsaw. Others came from current archaeological excavations in Sudan.
The composition of plasters, pigments and binders and lime washes are reported in detail together with an overview of previous and present conservation and transfer procedures. The data collected show the changes in painting methods and materials over time and the possible associated implications in terms of patronage, trading links, economy etc.
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Preface and acknowledgements
List of contributors
Chapter 1 Technology of wall paintings as a new perspective in Nubian studies
Dobrochna Zielińska
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Brief outline of Nubian history (mid-6th – 14th/15th century)
1.3 Objects and documentation for analysis
1.4 Sampling procedure and characteristics
1.5 Chronology and origin of plaster samples
Chapter 2 Chemical analysis of Nubian wall paintings: introduction and aim of the study
Barbara Wagner and Dobrochna Zielińska
2.1 State of research on the technology of Nubian wall paintings
2.2 Aim of the present study
Chapter 3 Spectroscopic investigations of the chemical composition of Nubian plasters, whitewashes and pigments
Barbara Wagner, Olga Syta and Grazyna Zofia Zukowska
3.1 Analytical procedure
3.2 Non-destructive analysis of transfers
3.3 Non-destructive analysis of small wall-painting fragments
3.4 Analysis of cross-sections
3.5 Summary
Chapter 4 Scientific investigations of fragments of painted decoration from the church in Nag' el-Scheima
Katharina Uhlir, Martina Grießer, Sabine Stanek and Barbara Wagner
4.1 Studies in Vienna
4.2 Methods
4.3 Results
4.4 Summary
Chapter 5 Identification of binders in Nubian wall paintings using proteomics
Francesca Galluzzi, Stéphanie Devassine, Fabrice Bray, Christian Rolando and Caroline Tokarski
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Experimental section
5.3 Results
5.4 Summary
Chapter 6 Characteristics of Nubian plasters on the basis of selected samples from Old Dongola and Banganarti
Martin Keppert, Petr Svora, Sylwia Svorová Pawelkowicz and Štepánka Kucková
6.1 Introduction
6.2. Experimental
6.3. Analysis of Old Dongola Cruciform Building plaster
6.4. Analysis of sample B_U_9 from Banganarati
6.5 Summary
Chapter 7 Technology of Nubian wall paintings: a historical perspective
Dobrochna Zielinska
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Technology: materials used
7.3 Sources of materials and knowledge
7.4. Historical overview of the technology of Nubian murals
7.5 Summary
Chapter 8 Conservation of Nubian murals
Cristobal Calaforra-Rzepka and Agnieszka Kijowska with Dorota Moryto-Naumiuk, Jolanta Kurzynska and Dobrochna Zielińska
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Nubian paintings as archaeological objects
8.3 Determinants of the decision to transfer wall paintings: the case of Sudan
8.4 Conservation treatment during archaeological research
8.5 Presentation problems
8.6 Monitoring the state of conservation of transfers
8.7 Materials used for the conservation of Nubian wall paintings
8.8 Conservation treatment procedures charts
Bibliography
Index
