Preface
Foreword
Introduction
Azurite and blue verditer
Rutherford J. Gettens and Elisabeth West Fitzhugh
Current terminology
Obsolete terminology and synonyms
Composition and structure
Source
History of use
Preparation
Particle characteristics
Optical properties
Chemical properties
Permanence
Microchemical tests
Spot tests
Criteria for certain identification
Emission spectrographic analysis
X-ray diffraction analysis
X-ray spectrometric (x-ray fluorescence) and electron-probe microanalysis
Visual, infrared, and Raman spectrophotometry
Neutron activation analysis
X-radiography
Artificial copper blues
Notable occurrences
References
Ultramarine blue, natural and artificial
Joyce Plesters
Ultramarine blue, natural
Current terminology
Obsolete terminology and synonyms
Composition
Source
Preparation
History of use
Chemical composition and structure
Particle characteristics
Optical properties
General pigment properties
Chemical properties
Permanence and compatibility with other pigments
Microchemical tests
Criteria for certain identification
Emission spectrometric analysis
X-ray diffraction analysis
X-ray spectrometry (x-ray fluorescence) analysis
Visible, infrared, Raman, and ultraviolet spectrophotometry
X-radiography
Terminal date
Occurrences
Ultramarine blue, artificial
Synonyms
Composition
Date and circumstances of discovery
Method of manufacture
History of use
Chemical composition
Particle characteristics
Optical properties
Chemical properties
Permanence and compatibility with other pigments
General pigment properties
Microchemical tests
Criteria for certain identification
Emission spectrometric analysis
X-ray spectrometric (x-ray fluorescence) analysis
X-ray diffraction analysis
Visible, infrared, and ultraviolet spectrophotometry
X-radiography
Notable occurrences
References
Lead white
Rutherford J. Gettens, Hermann Kühn and W.T. Chase
Current terminology
Obsolete terminology and synonyms
Composition
Source
Preparation: manufacture
History of use
Relationship to media
Particle characteristics
Optical characteristics
Chemical properties
Permanence and compatibility
Microchemical tests
Criteria for certain identification
Emission spectrometric analysis of lead
X-ray diffraction analysis
Neutron activation analysis
Analysis of the natural radioactivity of lead
Mass spectrographic analysis
Infrared and Raman spectrometry
X-radiography
Reflectance spectrophotometry
X-ray spectrometric (x-ray fluorescence) and electron-probe microanalysis
Notable occurrences
References
Lead-tin yellow
Hermann Kühn
Current terminology
Obsolete terminology
Composition and structure
Date and circumstances of rediscovery
History of use and terminal date
References to the occurrence of lead-tin yellow in paintings
Relative frequency of lead-tin yellow I and II on paintings
Relationship between lead-tin yellow and glass manufacture
Preparation
Particle characteristics
Optical properties
Chemical properties
General pigment properties
Permanence and compatibility with other pigments and media
Microchemical tests
Criteria for certain identification
Emission spectrometric analysis
X-ray diffraction analysis
X-ray fluorescence analysis and electron micro-beam probe analysis
Visual, infrared, and ultraviolet spectrophotometry
X-radiography
Notable occurrences
References
Smalt
Bruno Mühlethaler and Jean Thissen
Current terminology
Obsolete terminology and synonyms
Composition
Preparation
History of use
Chemical composition
Particle characteristics
Optical properties
General pigment properties
Color and spectral reflectance
Permanence and compatibility with other pigments and media: discoloration of smalt
Chemical properties
Chemical identification
Emission spectrometric identification
Criteria for certain identification
X-ray diffraction analysis
X-ray fluorescence analysis
Radioactive methods of identification
Terminal date
Notable occurrences
References
Verdigris and copper resinate
Hermann Kühn
Verdigris
Current terminology
Obsolete terminology and synonyms
History of use
Preparation
Chemical composition and properties
Particle characteristics
Optical properties
General pigment properties
Reflectance maxima of verdigris paints
Permanence and compatibility with other pigments
Microchemical tests
Spot tests
Criteria for certain identification
Emission spectrometric analysis
X-ray diffraction analysis
X-ray spectrometric (x-ray fluorescence analysis) and electron-probe microanalysis
Color and spectral reflectance
Infrared spectrophotometry
X-radiography
Notable occurrences
Copper resinate (transparent copper green)
History of use
Preparation
Composition and chemical properties
Particle characteristics and optical properties
Permanence
Criteria for certain identification
Notable occurrences
References
Vermillion and cinnabar
Rutherford J. Gettens, Robert L. Feller and W.T. Chase
Current terminology
Obsolete terminology and synonyms
Sources of cinnabar and mercury
Preparation
Physical characteristics
Optical properties
Chemical properties
Permanence and compatibility with other pigments and with paint media
Darkening of vermilion
Color and spectral reflectance
Microchemical analysis
Substitution and sophistication
Criteria for certain identification
Emission spectrometric analysis
X-ray diffraction analysis
X-ray spectrometric (x-ray fluorescence) and electron-probe microanalysis
Infrared spectrophotometry
X-radiography
Trace elements by neutron activation analysis
Notable occurrences
References
Malachite and green verditer
Rutherford J. Gettens and Elisabeth West Fitzhugh
Current terminology
Obsolete terms and synonyms
Composition and structure
Sources
History of use
Preparation
Particle characteristics
Optical properties
Chemical properties
Permanence
Microchemical tests
Spot tests
Criteria for positive identification
Emission spectrographic analysis
X-ray diffraction analysis
Color and spectral reflectance
Infrared and Raman spectra for malachite
Neutron activation analysis
X-radiography
Chrysocolla and other associated minerals
Verditer and other artificial copper greens
Notable occurrences
References
Calcium carbonate whites
Rutherford J. Gettens, Elisabeth West Fitzhugh and Robert L. Feller
Introduction
Calcite, marble, and limestone
Chalk
Origin and occurrence of chalk
Preparation of chalk
History of use
Synthetic or precipitated calcium carbonate
Lime white or St. John’s white
Shell white
Coral
Color
Optical properties of calcite
Physical properties
Chemical properties
Permanence and compatibility
Purity of composition
Identification
Particle characteristics
Microchemical tests
Criteria for positive identification
Emission spectrographic analysis
X-ray diffraction
X-ray spectrometric (x-ray fluorescence) and electron-probe microanalysis
Infrared absorption spectroscopy
Neutron activation analysis
X-radiography
Occurrences of chalk (CaCo3) in paintings of European schools
Notable occurrences
References
Index