Artists' Pigments
A Handbook of their History and Characteristics, Volume 3
Editor Elisabeth West Fitzhugh
This is the third volume in the series Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics published by National Gallery of Art in association with Archetype Publications Ltd.
9781904982746 Artists' Pigments Volume 1 Robert Feller (ed.)
9781904982753 Artists' Pigments Volume 2 Ashok Roy (ed.)
9781904982760 Artists' Pigments Volume 3 Elisabeth West Fitzhugh (ed.)
9781904982234 Artists' Pigments Volume 4 Barbara Berrie (ed.)
The full set of Volume 1 to 4 is available here.
Each volume concentrates on different pigments (see the contents for each volume on this website). The series is an Encyclopedic Reference intended for:
-The practicing artist to learn a pigment’s color, hiding power, light-fastness, toxicity, compatibility;
-The art historian to know how an artist worked, what pigments were used, whether they were pure or mixed, opaque or transparent, layered or not;
-The conservator to devise techniques necessary for the care and conservation of works of art, to determine what is original, to repair damages, to compensate for missing portions of a painted surface;
-The curator and the connoisseur to know the history of manufacture and use of pigments, to authenticate and assign probable dates to works of art;
-The conservation scientist to learn identification methods used, including optical microscopy, microchemical tests, X-ray diffraction, infrared and reflectance spectrophotometry, and electron microscopy.
Preface
Foreword
Introduction
Egyptian blue
Josef Riederer
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Pigment definition
1.2 Current terminology
2.0 History
2.1 Archaic and historical names
2.2 History of use
2.2.1 Ancient Egypt and West Asia
2.2.2 India, Central and East Asia
2.2.3 Greece
2.2.4 Roman sites and Italy
2.3 Dates of use
3.0 General pigment properties
3.1 Color
3.2 Permanence
3.3 Chemical properties
3.4 Compatibility
4.0 Composition
4.1 Chemical composition
4.2 Sources
4.3 Preparation
5.0 Identification and characterization
5.1 Optical and chemical microscopy
5.2 Chemical identification
5.3 Instrumental methods of analysis
5.3.1 X-ray diffraction
5.3.2 Infrared, ultraviolet, and visible spectroscopy
5.3.3 Neutron activation
5.3.4 Thermoluminescence
5.3.5 Thermal analysis
5.4 Criteria for identification
6.0 Occurrences
Orpiment and realgar
Elisabeth West Fitzhugh
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Pigment definition
1.2 Current terminology
2.0 History
2.1 Archaic and historical names
2.1.1 Orpiment
2.1.2 Realgar
2.2 History of use
2.3 Dates of use
3.0 General pigment properties
3.1 Color and spectral reflectance
3.2 Permanence
3.3 Chemical properties
3.4 Toxicity
3.5 Compatibility
3.6 Oil absorption and grinding properties
4.0 Composition
4.1 Chemical composition
4.2 Sources
4.3 Preparation
4.4 Adulteration and sophistication
5.0 Identification and characterization
5.1 Optical microscopy
5.2 Chemical microscopy
5.3 Instrumental methods of analysis
5.3.1 X-ray diffraction
5.3.2 Infrared spectroscopy
5.3.3 X-ray spectrometry (x-ray fluorescence) and electron beam microprobe
5.3.4 Spectrochemical analysis
5.3.5 Neutron activation
5.3.6 Mass spectrometry
5.3.7 X-radiography
5.4 Criteria for identification
6.0 Occurrences
Indigo and woad
Helmut Schweppe
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Pigment definition
1.2 Current terminology
2.0 History
2.1 Archaic and historical names
2.2 History of preparation and use
2.3 Dates of use
3.0 General pigment properties
3.1 Color and spectral reflectance
3.2 Permanence
3.3 Chemical properties
3.4 Compatibility
3.5 Oil absorption and grinding properties
4.0 Composition
4.1 Chemical composition
4.2 Sources of natural indigo in the plant kingdom
4.3 Preparation
4.3.1 Preparation of natural indigo from indigo plants
4.3.2 Preparation of synthetic indigo
4.4 Adulteration and sophistication
5.0 Identification and characterization
5.1 Optical and chemical microscopy
5.2 Chemical identification
5.2.1 Sublimation test
5.2.2 Nitric acid test
5.2.3 Hydrosulfite test
5.2.4 Solubility tests
5.2.5 Thin-layer chromatography
5.3 Instrumental methods of analysis
5.3.1 X-ray diffraction
5.3.2 Infrared spectroscopy
5.3.3 Visible spectroscopy
5.3.4 Mass spectrometry
5.3.5 Other instrumental methods
5.4 Criteria for identification
6.0 Occurrences
Madder and alizarin
Helmut Schweppe and John Winter
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Pigment definition
1.2 Current terminology
2.0 History
2.1 Archaic and historical names
2.2 History of use
2.3 Dates of use
3.0 General pigment properties
3.1 Color and spectral reflectance
3.2 Permanence
3.3 Compatibility
3.4 Chemical properties
3.5 Oil absorption and grinding properties
3.5 Toxicity
4.0 Composition
4.1 Sources
4.1.1 Madder
4.1.2 Related dyer’s plants
4.1.3 Commercial types of madder
4.2 Coloring constituents of the various madder plants
4.3 Madder extracts and madder preparations
4.4 Manufacture of madder lakes
4.5 Manufacture of alizarin lakes
4.5.1 Alizarin lake
4.5.2 Pink alizarin lakes
4.6 Adulteration and sophistication
4.6.1 Contaminants, adulterants, and their detection
4.6.2 Substitutes
5.0 Identification and characterization
5.1 Optical and chemical microscopy
5.2 Identification of organic colorants
5.2.1 Color and fluorescent reactions
5.2.2 Chromatographic methods
5.2.3 Infrared spectroscopy
5.2.4 Visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy
5.3 Identification of inorganic substrates
5.3.1 Chemical methods
5.3.2 Thin-layer chromatography
5.3.3 Instrumental methods of analysis
5.4 Criteria for identification
6.0 Occurrences
Gamboge
John Winter
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Pigment definition
1.2 Current terminology
2.0 History
2.1 Archaic and historical names
2.2 History of use
2.3 Dates of use
3.0 General pigment properties
3.1 Applications
3.2 Color and spectral reflectance
3.3 Permanence
3.4 Chemical properties
3.5 Compatibility
3.6 Toxicity
4.0 Composition
4.1 Chemical composition
4.2 Sources
4.3 Preparation
4.4 Adulteration and sophistication
5.0 Identification and characterization
5.1 Optical and chemical microscopy
5.2 Chemical identification
5.3 Instrumental methods of analysis
5.3.1 X-ray diffraction
5.3.2 Infrared spectroscopy
5.3.3 Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy
5.3.4 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
5.4 Criteria for identification
6.0 Occurrences
Vandyke brown
Cassel earth, Cologne earth
Robert L. Feller and Ruth M. Johnston-Feller
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Pigment definition
1.2 Current terminology
2.0 History
2.1 Archaic and historical names
2.1.1 Kassel umber
2.1.2 Rubens’ brown
2.1.3 Corruptions of names for Cologne and Cassel earth
2.1.4 Campania and Nocera earths, Cappagh brown
2.1.5 Spanish brown
2.1.6 Nomenclature in France
2.1.7 Calcined pigment
2.1.8 Cassel yellow, Cologne yellow, Cologne black, and alkali-extracted stain
2.2 History of use
2.2.1 Sixteenth and seventeenth century
2.2.2 Eighteenth century
2.2.3 Nineteenth century
2.3 Dates of use
3.0 General pigment properties
3.1 Color and spectral reflectance
3.2 Spectral absorption and scattering: tinting strength and transparency
3.3 Permanence
3.3.1 History
3.3.2 Permanence of modern Vandyke browns
3.4 Chemical properties
3.5 Compatibility
3.6 Oil absorption and grinding properties
3.7 Toxicity
4.0 Composition
4.1 Chemical composition
4.1.1 Physical constituents - pollen
4.1.2 Physical constituents - trace minerals
4.2 Sources
4.3 Preparation
4.4 Adulteration and sophistication
5.0 Identification and characterization
5.1 Optical and chemical microscopy
5.2 Chemical identification
5.3 Instrumental methods of analysis
5.3.1 X-ray diffraction
5.3.2 Infrared spectroscopy
5.3.3 Spectrochemical Analysis
5.3.4 Neutron activation
5.3.5 Mössbauer spectroscopy
5.4 Criteria for identification
6.0 Occurrences
Prussian blue
Barbara H. Berrie
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Pigment definition
1.2 Current terminology
2.0 History
2.1 Archaic and historical names
2.2 History of use
2.3 Dates of use
3.0 General pigment properties
3.1 Color and spectral reflectance
3.2 Tinting strength and infrared absorbance
3.3 Permanence
3.4 Chemical properties
3.5 Compatibility
3.6 Oil absorption and grinding properties
3.7 Toxicity
4.0 Composition
4.1 Chemical composition
4.2 Sources
4.3 Preparation
4.4 Adulteration and sophistication
5.0 Identification and characterization
5.1 Optical and chemical microscopy
5.2 Chemical identification
5.3 Instrumental methods of analysis
5.3.1 X-ray diffraction
5.3.2 Infrared spectroscopy
5.3.3 Spectrochemical analysis
5.3.4 X-ray spectrometry (x-fluorescence)
5.3.5 Neutron activation
5.3.6 Mössbauer spectroscopy
5.3.7 Scanning electron microscopy
5.4 Criteria for identification
6.0 Occurrences
Emerald green and Scheele’s green
Inge Fiedler and Michael Bayard
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Pigment definition
1.2 Current terminology
2.0 History
2.1 Archaic and historical names
2.2 Early history
2.2.1 Scheele’s green
2.2.2 Emerald green
2.3 History of use
2.3.1 Scheele’s green
2.3.2 Emerald green
2.4 Dates of use
3.0 General pigment properties
3.1 Color and spectral reflectance
3.2 Hiding power and tinting strength
3.3 Permanence
3.4 Chemical properties
3.5 Compatibility
3.6 Oil absorption and grinding properties
3.7 Toxicity
4.0 Composition
4.1 Chemical composition
4.1.1 Scheele’s green
4.1.2 Emerald green
4.2 Sources
4.3 Preparation
4.3.1 Scheele’s green
4.3.2 Emerald green
4.4 Adulteration and sophistication
5.0 Identification and characterization
5.1 Optical and scanning electron microscopy
5.2 Chemical microscopy and spot tests
5.3 Instrumental methods of analysis
5.3.1 X-ray diffraction
5.3.2 Infrared spectroscopy
5.3.3 Electron beam microprobe
5.3.4 Neutron activation
5.4 Criteria for identification
6.0 Occurrences
Chromium oxide greens
Chromium oxide and hydrated chromium oxide
Richard Newman
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Current terminology
1.1.1 Chromium oxide
1.1.2 Hydrated chromium oxide
2.0 History
2.1 Archaic and historical names
2.1.1 Chromium oxide
2.1.2 Hydrated chromium oxide
2.2 History of use
2.2.1 Chromium oxide
2.2.2 Hydrated chromium oxide
2.2.3 Popularity of the chromium oxide greens
2.3 Dates of use
3.0 General pigment properties
3.1 Color and spectral reflectance
3.1.1 Chromium oxide
3.1.2 Hydrated chromium oxide
3.2 Infrared reflectography
3.2.1 Chromium oxide
3.2.2 Hydrated chromium oxide
3.3 Hiding power and tinting strength
3.3.1 Chromium oxide
3.3.2 Hydrated chromium oxide
3.4 Permanence
3.4.1 Chromium oxide
3.4.2 Hydrated chromium oxide
3.5 Chemical properties
3.5.1 Chromium oxide
3.5.2 Hydrated chromium oxide
3.6 Compatibility
3.7 Oil absorption and grinding properties
3.7.1 Chromium oxide
3.7.2 Hydrated chromium oxide
3.8 Toxicity
3.8.1 Chromium oxide
3.8.2 Hydrated chromium oxide
4.0 Composition
4.1 Chemical composition and crystal structure
4.1.1 Chromium oxide
4.1.2 Hydrated chromium oxide
4.2 Sources
4.3 Preparation
4.3.1 Chromium oxide
4.3.2 Hydrated chromium oxide
4.4 Adulteration and sophistication
4.4.1 Chromium oxide
4.4.2 Hydrated chromium oxide
5.0 Identification and characterization
5.1 Optical and chemical microscopy
5.1.1 Chromium oxide
5.1.2 Hydrated chromium oxide
5.2 Instrumental methods of analysis
5.2.1 X-ray diffraction
5.2.2 Infrared spectroscopy
5.2.3 Spectrochemical analysis
5.2.4 X-ray spectrometry (x-ray fluorescence)
5.3 Criteria for identification
5.3.1 Chromium oxide
5.3.2 Hydrated chromium oxide
6.0 Occurrences
Titanium dioxide whites
Marilyn Laver
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Pigment definition
1.2 Current terminology
2.0 History
2.1 Archaic and historical names
2.2 History of development
2.2.1 Development of the sulfate process
2.2.2 Development of the chloride process
2.2.3 Additives and surfaces treatment
2.3 History of use
2.3.1 Use in paint
2.3.2 Use in pastels
2.3.3 Use in inks
2.3.4 Use in paper
2.3.5 Use in enamels, ceramics, and glass
2.3.6 Use with textiles and leather
2.3.7 Use in rubber and plastics
2.4 Dates of use
3.0 General pigment properties
3.1 Color and spectral reflectance
3.1.1 Visible
3.1.2 Infrared
3.1.3 Ultraviolet
3.2 Hiding power and tinting strength
3.3 Permanence
3.4 Compatibility
3.4.1 Chemical compatibility
3.4.2 Photochemical compatibility
3.5 Chemical properties
3.6 Oil absorption and grinding properties
3.7 Toxicity
4.0 Composition
4.1 Chemical composition
4.2 Sources
4.3 Preparation
4.3.1 Sulfate process
4.3.2 Chloride process
4.4 Pigment grades, adulteration, and sophistication
5.0 Identification and characterization
5.1 Optical microscopy
5.2 Chemical identification
5.2.1 Hydrogen peroxide test for titanium
5.2.2 Other chemical tests
5.3 Instrumental methods of analysis
5.3.1 X-ray diffraction
5.3.2 Infrared and Raman spectroscopy
5.3.3 Spectrochemical analysis
5.3.4 Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy
5.3.5 X-ray spectrometry (x-fluorescence)
5.3.6 Neutron activation
5.3.7 X-radiography
5.3.8 Neutron radiography and autoradiography
5.3.9 Thermal analysis
5.3.10 Other instrumental methods
5.4 Criteria for identification
6.0 Occurrences
Contributors
Index
ISBN 9781904982760
Binding Hardback
Dimensions 172 x 248mm
Pages 372
Illustrations 75 colour, 134 halftone
Published May 2012
Price £95.00